<%server.execute "isdev.asp"%> Autism and sleep disorders Devnani PA, Hegde AU - J Pediatr Neurosci
home : about us : ahead of print : current issue : archives search instructions : subscriptionLogin 
Users online: 5342      Small font sizeDefault font sizeIncrease font size Print this page Email this page


 
  Table of Contents    
REVIEW ARTICLE
Year : 2015  |  Volume : 10  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 304-307
 

Autism and sleep disorders


1 Sleep Disorders Clinic; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Jaslok Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
2 Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Breach Candy Hospital Trust, Wadia Children’s Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Date of Web Publication20-Jan-2016

Correspondence Address:
Preeti A Devnani
Sleep Disorders Clinic, 1st Floor, Agnelo House, 156, S. V. Road, Khar (West), Mumbai - 400 052, Maharashtra
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/1817-1745.174438

Rights and Permissions

 

   Abstract 

“Autism Spectrum Disorders” (ASDs) are neurodevelopment disorders and are characterized by persistent impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication. Sleep problems in ASD, are a prominent feature that have an impact on social interaction, day to day life, academic achievement, and have been correlated with increased maternal stress and parental sleep disruption. Polysomnography studies of ASD children showed most of their abnormalities related to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep which included decreased quantity, increased undifferentiated sleep, immature organization of eye movements into discrete bursts, decreased time in bed, total sleep time, REM sleep latency, and increased proportion of stage 1 sleep. Implementation of nonpharmacotherapeutic measures such as bedtime routines and sleep-wise approach is the mainstay of behavioral management. Treatment strategies along with limited regulated pharmacotherapy can help improve the quality of life in ASD children and have a beneficial impact on the family. PubMed search was performed for English language articles from January 1995 to January 2015. Following key words: Autism spectrum disorder, sleep disorders and autism, REM sleep and autism, cognitive behavioral therapy, sleep-wise approach, melatonin and ASD were used. Only articles reporting primary data relevant to the above questions were included.


Keywords: Autism, autism spectrum disorder children, melatonin and autism, rapid eye movement sleep and autism, sleep disorders and autism, sleep disorders in autism, sleep in autistic kids


How to cite this article:
Devnani PA, Hegde AU. Autism and sleep disorders. J Pediatr Neurosci 2015;10:304-7

How to cite this URL:
Devnani PA, Hegde AU. Autism and sleep disorders. J Pediatr Neurosci [serial online] 2015 [cited 2023 Sep 29];10:304-7. Available from: https://www.pediatricneurosciences.com/text.asp?2015/10/4/304/174438



   Introduction Top


“Autism Spectrum Disorders” (ASDs) are neurodevelopment disorders with a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical symptomatology related to social interaction and communication. ASD is characterized by persistent impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication across multiple contexts, along with the presence of restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors and interests. Children with ASD often exhibit high levels of co-occurring behavioral issues.[1] Sleep problems in ASD, are a prominent feature and occurs secondary to complex interactions among biological, psychological, social/environmental and family factors, and child rearing practices that may not be conducive to good sleep.


   Methodology Top


PubMed search was performed for English language articles from January 1995 to January 2015.

Following key words: Autism spectrum disorder, sleep disorders and autism, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and autism, cognitive behavioral therapy, sleep-wise approach, melatonin and ASD were used.

Only articles reporting primary data relevant to the above questions were included.

Pevalence sleep disorders in autism spectrum disorder

ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder and can present with varying severity. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention report (2008) indicates that the prevalence of ASD is one in 88 children with a 4.6:1 male to female ratio. According to the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, in 2000, the prevalence of ASD children was found to be 1 in 150 children, in 2008 it was found to be 1 in 88 children, and in 2010 the prevalence was 1 in 68 children.[2]

Children and adolescents with ASD suffer from sleep problems, particularly insomnia, at a higher rate than typically developing (TD) children, ranging from 40% to 80%.[3]

A study based on parental reports showed that 53% of children (2–5 years of age) with ASD suffered from a sleep problem.[4] 56/89 children with ASD (n = 89) had sleep disorders (difficulty falling asleep = 23, frequent awakening = 19, and early morning awakening = 11) with varying presentations of insomnia.[5] 86% of children (n = 167), suffered from sleep problems daily. The spectrum of sleep disturbances included 54% bedtime resistance problems, 56% insomnia, 53% parasomnias, 25% sleep disordered breathing, 45% morning arising problems, and 31% daytime sleepiness. Hence, there is a lot of evidence to show that sleep disturbance is very common in ASD children.[6]

Etiology of sleep problems in autism

The etiologies of sleep disorders in ASD children is multifactorial, with genetic, environmental, immunological, and neurological factors thought to play a role in the development of ASD. There is evidence that there is an association between the sleep and melatonin rhythms with alterations in this synchronization of the melatonin rhythm causing sleep problems. Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, GABA, and melatonin are required for establishing a regular sleep wake cycle. Any impairment in the production of these neurotransmitters may disrupt sleep.[7] Melatonin is a hormone that helps in maintaining and synchronizing the circadian rhythm. Melatonin regulation may be abnormal in autism. Clock genes may be involved in the modulation of melatonin and also in the integrity of synaptic transmissions in ASD.[8] Exogenous therapy of melatonin has shown to improve the sleep patterns in ASD children.[9] In melatonin synthesis, the final enzyme encoded by the N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase gene demonstrated less activity in ASD children; therefore, implying lower levels of melatonin.[10] The major sleep promoting area, that is, the preoptic area in the hypothalamus uses GABA as a neurotransmitter. In autism, GABAergic interneurons migration and maturation may be affected. A region of genetic susceptibility has been identified on chromosome 15q that contains GABA-related genes.{25} Vitamin D is required for embryogenesis, neural development, and also for activating certain genes, deficiency in this vitamin during pregnancy could be an environmental risk factor for the development of ASD.[11]

Sleep architecture and its clinical relevance

Polysomnography (PSG) studies of ASD children showed most of their abnormalities related to REM sleep which included decreased quantity, increased undifferentiated sleep, immature organization of eye movements into discrete bursts, decreased time in bed, total sleep time (TST), REM sleep latency, and increased proportion of stage 1 sleep. Greater number of muscle twitches compared with healthy controls are reported.[12],[13] 5 of 11 children with ASD with disrupted sleep had nocturnal awakenings, REM sleep behavior disorder, with lack of muscle atonia during REM sleep.[14] A study between the children with ASD in comparison to TD showed that ASD children had longer sleep onset latency (SOL), reduced sleep efficiency, and increased wake after sleep onset compared to controls, no significant differences in the sleep stage percentages between the two groups was seen. Neither group demonstrated correlations between sleep stage percentages and cognitive test scores. Children with ASDs have more disturbed sleep and affective problems than TD children.[15]

Affective problems improve with increased sleep, particularly REM and slow wave sleep, in TD children, but not in children with ASDs. Reduced TST has been shown to correlate with Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) severity and inversely related to social quotient in a pilot study. SOL and REM latency were higher in children with moderate to severe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A trend was observed in the correlation of higher CARS being related to lower REM percentage and reduced TST to higher REM latency.

Impact of sleep disturbances in children with autism spectrum disorders on care-givers

Sleep problems in ASD have also been correlated with increased maternal stress and parental sleep disruption. Children with ASD have common sleep disturbances that could negatively impact not only the quality of life and the daytime functioning of the child, but also the family, increasing the stress level. This has also shown to have an association with more challenging behaviors of ASD children during the day and have an impact on the ability to regulate emotion.[16] Common medical issues such as upper respiratory problems and vision problems have shown an association with sleep quality. Increased night time awakening and decreased willingness to fall asleep were shown to be associated with poor appetite and growth.[17] Increased aggression, hyperactivity, and social difficulties could be indicators for poor mental health outcomes that were observed due to sleep disturbance in children with ASD.

Assessment of sleep problems in autism spectrum disorders

An early and routine assessment of sleep in children with ASD could help children as well as their parents. Sleep may be assessed utilizing subjective and/or objective measures.[18] Subjective measures would include parental questionnaires and sleep diaries whereas objective measures would include actigraphy and PSG for assessing the sleep disorders.[19] Actigraphy is a study in which an actigraph device is worn on the wrist to record movements that can be used to estimate sleep parameters with specialized algorithms in computer software programs. PSG is continuous monitoring of multiple neurophysiological and cardiorespiratory variables, usually over the course of a night, to study different aspects of sleep. Psychological assessments, detailed history from parents, teachers, and care-givers that describes the child's current sleep problem is obtained.

The sleep history should include:

  • Predisposing factors (e.g., developmental vulnerabilities)
  • Precipitating factors (e.g., onset of medical conditions or medications; poor sleep hygiene)
  • Perpetuating factors (e.g., napping during the day, co-sleeping, and parenting behaviors). Maintaining a sleep log or a sleep dairy could help determine factors that might be resulting in poor sleep.


Establishing positive sleep patterns for young children with autism spectrum disorder

Children with ASD may experience various sleep complaints such as difficulty falling asleep, analysis of frequent awakening during the night, and/or reduced TST. Ongoing and persistent sleep disturbances can have an adverse effect on the child, parents, and other household members.

Reinforcing a positive sleep pattern is of paramount importance.

Following are helpful strategies:

  • Assessment of any underlying medical problems such as tonsillitis, adenoids, gastrointestinal disturbances, and seizures that may affect sleep
  • Evaluation of bedtime routines
  • Screening for intrinsic sleep disorders such as sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, or periodic limb movement disorder
  • Assessment for food and/or environmental allergies that are commonly observed in ASD.


Environmental variables

Assess the environmental variables that could affect the child's sleep such as temperature of the room, bedding, and sleep clothes. Certain textures can relax or arouse your child that could be disturbing the child's sleep. Consider noises levels, visual stimuli in the room, and how they affect the child.

Bedtime routines

Bedtime rituals are very important for most children, they help in establishing positive sleep patterns. Make a visual bedtime schedule and pick a specific time for bed that is reasonable, provide reminders and consistency for the whole family. A good bedtime routine will help teach a child to calm down, relax, and get ready to sleep.

Sleep training

After the bedtime routine is done and the child is in his bed or crib- but is upset and obviously not sleeping, wait a few minutes and then go back into the child's room to check on him/her. Checks involve going back into the child's room and briefly (not more than a minute, preferably less) touching, rubbing, or maybe giving a “high five,” “thumbs up,” or hug for an older child who better responds to these gestures. Gently but firmly say, “it's okay, it's bedtime, you are okay” or a similar phrase and then leave the room until it is time for the next check or until the child falls asleep. It is important to know that it is very likely that the child's behavior will get worse for a few days or more before it improves.



Role of pharmacotherapy

If the child does not respond to behavioral changes advised, then medications may be considered. Medications such as benzodiazepines and diphenhydramine given as over-the-counter drugs were shown to have paradoxical and excitatory responses that have been reported.[20]

The alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, clonidine reduced the time to sleep and also nighttime awakenings, this was observed in a small open label trial.[21]

Role of melatonin

Melatonin is a pineal hormone that regulates the circadian rhythm. Melatonin appears to be effective in reducing time to sleep, but its efficacy in reducing nighttime awakenings and other aspects of sleep disturbances is variable.[22] In a study, n = 24, 1–3 years ASD children, when treated with 1 mg or 3 mg showed improvement in sleep latency that was measured by actigraphy. This treatment not only showed an improvement in the sleep pattern of the children, but also the behavior and parental stress.[23] In another study, n = 107, ASD children (2–18 years), after receiving melatonin 0.75–6 mg, 25% of the parents had no more sleep concerns, 60% reported improved sleep, 13% continued to have sleep as a major problem, 1% had worsened sleep after initiating melatonin, and 1% could not determine the response.[24]

Children with autism and neurological impairments present special challenges for drug administration. They may present with unusual feeding difficulties and restrictive diets. Parents often have to be extremely creative in disguising or mixing medication with the right type of liquid or food. Melatonin can also be administered in toothpaste form.


   Conclusion Top


There is a high prevalence of sleep disturbances among children with ASD, many of which are unrecognized. Sleep disturbances have an adverse effect on their social interaction, academic achievement, and well-being of the care-givers.

Implementation of nonpharmacotherapeutic measures such as bedtime routines and sleep-wise approach are the mainstay of management.

These treatment strategies along with limited regulated pharmacotherapy can help improve the quality of life in ASD children and also decrease the family and parental distress.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
   References Top

1.
Boonen H, Maljaars J, Lambrechts G, ZInk I, Van Leeuwen K, Noens I. Behavior problems among school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder: Associations with children's communication difficulties and parenting behaviors. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2014;8:716-25..  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Baio J. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years – Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63;2:1-21. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/library/sciclips/issues/v6issue16.html.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Cortesi F, Giannotti F, Ivanenko A, Johnson K. Sleep in children with autistic spectrum disorder. Sleep Med 2010;11:659-64.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Krakowiak P, Goodlin-Jones B, Hertz-Picciotto I, Croen LA, Hansen RL. Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental delays, and typical development: A population-based study. J Sleep Res 2008;17:197-206.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Taira M, Takase M, Sasaki H. Sleep disorder in children with autism. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998;52:182-3.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Liu X, Hubbard JA, Fabes RA, Adam JB. Sleep disturbances and correlates of children with autism spectrum disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2006;37:179-91.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Cortesi F, Giannotti F, Ivanenko A, Johnson K. Sleep in children with autistic spectrum disorder. Sleep Med 2010;11:659-64.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Bourgeron T. The possible interplay of synaptic and clock genes in autism spectrum disorders. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2007;72:645-54.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Leu RM, Beyderman L, Botzolakis EJ, Surdyka K, Wang L, Malow BA. Relation of melatonin to sleep architecture in children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2011;41:427-33.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Melke J, Goubran Botros H, Chaste P, Betancur C, Nygren G, Anckarsäter H, et al. Abnormal melatonin synthesis in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2008;13:90-8.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Duan XY, Jia FY, Jiang HY. Relationship between Vitamin D and autism spectrum disorder. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2013;15:698-702.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Elia M, Ferri R, Musumeci SA, Del Gracco S, Bottitta M, Scuderi C, et al. Sleep in subjects with autistic disorder: A neurophysiological and psychological study. Brain Dev 2000;22:88-92.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Malow BA, Marzec ML, McGrew SG, Wang L, Henderson LM, Stone WL. Characterizing sleep in children with autism spectrum disorders: A multidimensional approach. Sleep 2006;29:1563-71.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Thirumalai SS, Shubin RA, Robinson R. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in children with autism. J Child Neurol 2002;17:173-8.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Maski K, Holbrook H, Manoach D, Hanson E, Stickgold R. Sleep architecture and neurobehavioral and cognitive functioning in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Neurology 2013;80.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Gail Williams P, Sears LL, Allard A. Sleep problems in children with autism. J Sleep Res 2004;13:265-8.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
May T, Cornish K, Conduit R, Rajaratnam SM, Rinehart NJ. Sleep in high-functioning children with Autism: Longitudinal developmental change and associations with behaviour problems. Behav Sleep Med 2015;13:2-18.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Jeste SS. The neurology of autism spectrum disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 2011;24:132-9.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Tsai L. Children with autism spectrum disorder: Medicine today and in the new millennium. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl 2000;15:138-45.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Ming X, Gordon E, Kang N, Wagner GC. Use of clonidine in children with autism spectrum disorders. Brain Dev 2008;30:454-60.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Myers SM, Johnson CP; American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Children With Disabilities. Management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2007;120:1162-82.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Malow B, Adkins KW, McGrew SG, Wang L, Goldman SE, Fawkes D, et al. Melatonin for sleep in children with autism: A controlled trial examining dose, tolerability, and outcomes. J Autism Dev Disord 2012;42:1729-37.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Andersen IM, Kaczmarska J, McGrew SG, Malow BA. Melatonin for insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Child Neurol 2008;23:482-5.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
McCauley JL, Olson LM, Delahanty R, Amin T, Nurmi EL, Organ EL, et al. A linkage disequilibrium map of the 1-Mb 15q12 GABA (A) receptor subunit cluster and association to autism. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004;131B: 51-9.  Back to cited text no. 24
    



This article has been cited by
1 Sleep and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis, Markers, Interventions, and Treatments
Deepa Burman, Karthikeyan Ramanujam, Dilshad Manzar, Vijay Kumar Chattu, David Warren Spence, Nevin F. W. Zaki, Haitham Jahrami, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal
Sleep and Vigilance. 2023;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 Long wavelength light reduces the negative consequences of dim light at night
Huei-Bin Wang, David Zhou, Shu Hon Christopher Luk, Hye In Cha, Amanda Mac, Rim Chae, Anna Matynia, Ben Harrison, Sina Afshari, Gene D. Block, Cristina A. Ghiani, Christopher S. Colwell
Neurobiology of Disease. 2023; 176: 105944
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 Pleiotropic effects of a high confidence Autism Spectrum disorder gene, arid1b, on zebrafish sleep
Fusun Doldur-Balli, Amber J. Zimmerman, Brendan T. Keenan, Zoe Y. Shetty, Struan F.A. Grant, Christoph Seiler, Olivia J. Veatch, Allan I. Pack
Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms. 2023; : 100096
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
4 Exploring bidirectional relationships: Child sleep duration, child behavior problems, and parenting stress in families of children with autism spectrum disorder
Brooke K. Iwamoto, Cameron L. Neece, Aarti Nair, Nicholas J. Rockwood, Rachel M. Fenning, Megan L. Krantz, Tori R. Van Dyk
Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2023; 106: 102197
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
5 The Perspectives of Preservice Kinesiology Students Concerning Autism and Physical Activity: Differences by Adapted Physical Activity Exposure
Janet Hauck, Isabella Felzer-Kim
Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2023; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
6 ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????
L.H. Kyrylova, O.O. Miroshnykov, O.O. Berehela, M.V. Filozop
INTERNATIONAL NEUROLOGICAL JOURNAL. 2023; 18(7): 20
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
7 Role of cerebellum in sleep-dependent memory processes
Andrew Jackson, Wei Xu
Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 2023; 17
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
8 Genetic and neural mechanisms of sleep disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder: a review
Qi Ji, Si-Jia Li, Jun-Bo Zhao, Yun Xiong, Xiao-Hui Du, Chun-Xiang Wang, Li-Ming Lu, Jing-Yao Tan, Zhi-Ru Zhu
Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2023; 14
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
9 Identification of atypical sleep microarchitecture biomarkers in children with autism spectrum disorder
Caroline Martinez, Zhe Sage Chen
Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2023; 14
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
10 Psychometric Evaluation of the Parent Effort Scale
Katherine B. Bevans, Taye M. Hallock, Aimee Piller, Beth Pfeiffer
Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2022; 3
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
11 Neural Hyperactivity Is a Core Pathophysiological Change Induced by Deletion of a High Autism Risk Gene Ash1L in the Mouse Brain
Yuen Gao, Mohammad B. Aljazi, Jin He
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2022; 16
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
12 Efficacy of auricular plaster therapy for sleep disorders in preschool children with autism spectrum disorders: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Duoxi Duan, Lin He, Hong Chen, Ying Lei, Wei Wu, Tao Li
Frontiers in Neurology. 2022; 13
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
13 The Synaptic Gene Study: Design and Methodology to Identify Neurocognitive Markers in Phelan-McDermid Syndrome and NRXN1 Deletions
Jennifer Cooke, Ciara J. Molloy, Antonia San José Cáceres, Thomas Dinneen, Thomas Bourgeron, Declan Murphy, Louise Gallagher, Eva Loth
Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2022; 16
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
14 The Effect of Sleep–Wake Routines on the Negative Emotional States and Aggressive Behaviors in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) during the COVID-19 Outbreak
Annalisa Levante, Serena Petrocchi, Costanza Colombi, Roberto Keller, Antonio Narzisi, Gabriele Masi, Flavia Lecciso
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9): 4957
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
15 Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children: Italian Validation in Autism Spectrum Disorder Population
Ester Mignolli, Alessia Scialpi, Donatella Valente, Anna Berardi, Giovanni Galeoto, Marco Tofani
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16): 10163
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
16 Novel Therapeutics for Treating Sleep Disorders: New Perspectives on Maydis stigma
Ryeong-Eun Kim, Darine Froy Mabunga, Hee Jin Kim, Seol-Heui Han, Hahn Young Kim, Chan Young Shin, Kyoung Ja Kwon
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23): 14612
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
17 Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study for Evaluating a Probiotic Mixture on Gastrointestinal and Behavioral Symptoms of Autistic Children
Cristina Guidetti, Elena Salvini, Maurizio Viri, Francesca Deidda, Angela Amoruso, Annalisa Visciglia, Lorenzo Drago, Matteo Calgaro, Nicola Vitulo, Marco Pane, Anna Claudia Caucino
Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(18): 5263
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
18 Management of sleep disorders among children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders: A practical guide for clinicians
Michael O Ogundele, Chinnaiah Yemula
World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics. 2022; 11(3): 239
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
19 Melatonin for sleep disorders in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of randomised clinical trials
Caroline Kamp Jørgensen, Rikke Hermann, Sophie Juul, Pascal Faltermeier, Mark Horowitz, Joanna Moncrieff, Christian Gluud, Janus Christian Jakobsen
BMJ Open. 2022; 12(11): e065520
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
20 Effects of Sensory Garments on Sleep of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lisa Mische Lawson, Lauren Foster, Morgan Hodges, Mia Murphy, Melissa O’Neal, Lesan Peters, Claudia Hilton
Occupational Therapy International. 2022; 2022: 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
21 Sleep mediates the relationship between having an autistic child and poor family functioning
Aobh Nic Ghiolla Phadraig, Sinéad Smyth
Sleep Medicine. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
22 Eating and sleep problems, related factors, and effects on the mental health of the parents in children with autism spectrum disorder
Baris Guller, Ferhat Yaylaci
International Journal of Developmental Disabilities. 2022; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
23 Loss of neurexin-1 in Drosophila melanogaster results in altered energy metabolism and increased seizure susceptibility
Kyra A Levy, Eliana D Weisz, Thomas A Jongens
Human Molecular Genetics. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
24 Factors that are hindering and facilitating sleep quality of children with intellectual disabilities and their mothers: A qualitative study
Çigdem Müge Hayli, Ayfer Aydin
British Journal of Learning Disabilities. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
25 Neural responses to affective speech, including motherese, map onto clinical and social eye tracking profiles in toddlers with ASD
Yaqiong Xiao, Teresa H. Wen, Lauren Kupis, Lisa T. Eyler, Disha Goel, Keith Vaux, Michael V. Lombardo, Nathan E. Lewis, Karen Pierce, Eric Courchesne
Nature Human Behaviour. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
26 Association of fetal eye movement density with sleeping and developmental problems in 1.5-year-old infants
Kazushige Nakahara, Seiichi Morokuma, Kana Maehara, Hikohiro Okawa, Yasuko Funabiki, Kiyoko Kato
Scientific Reports. 2022; 12(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
27 Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying autism spectrum disorders and associated comorbidities: A pathophysiological review
Hussain Al Dera
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2022; 148: 112688
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
28 Approches thérapeutiques des troubles du sommeil et des rythmes chez l’enfant avec TSA
C.M. Schröder, M.A. Broquère, B. Claustrat, R. Delorme, P. Franco, M. Lecendreux, S. Tordjman
L'Encéphale. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
29 Higher scores on autonomic symptom scales in pediatric patients with neurodevelopmental disorders of known genetic etiology
Antoinette S DiCriscio, KE Wain, J Smith, D Beiler, LK Walsh, K Holdren, Vanessa Troiani
Brain and Behavior. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
30 Integration of physical health and sensory processing assessment for children with autism spectrum disorder in schools
Sierra M. Trudel, Emily L. Winter, Brenna Fitzmaurice, Gina Norman, Clark R. Bray
Psychology in the Schools. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
31 Feasibility of Actigraphy for Evaluating Sleep and Daytime Physical Activity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
M. L. Alder, C. R. Johnson, J. A. Zauszniewski, B. A. Malow, C. J. Burant, L. Scahill
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
32 Insomnia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study on Clinical Correlates and Parental Stress
Berloco Bianca, Guerrera Silvia, Fucà Elisa, Menghini Deny, Valeri Giovanni, Nobili Lino, Vicari Stefano
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
33 Practitioner’s review: medication for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and comorbid conditions
Christian Popow, Susanne Ohmann, Paul Plener
neuropsychiatrie. 2021; 35(3): 113
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
34 Practice Tools for Screening and Monitoring Insomnia in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Tobias Banaschewski, Oliviero Bruni, Joaquin Fuentes, Catherine Mary Hill, Allan Hvolby, Maj-Britt Posserud, Carmen Schroder
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2021;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
35 Sleep, Growth, and Puberty After 2 Years of Prolonged-Release Melatonin in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Beth A. Malow, Robert L. Findling, Carmen M. Schroder, Athanasios Maras, John Breddy, Tali Nir, Nava Zisapel, Paul Gringras
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2021; 60(2): 252
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
36 Pediatric prolonged-release melatonin for insomnia in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders
Carmen M. Schroder, Tobias Banaschewski, Joaquin Fuentes, Catherine Mary Hill, Allan Hvolby, Maj-Britt Posserud, Oliviero Bruni
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2021; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
37 Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Autism Spectrum Disorder in 39 Children and Adults: Examination of Behavioural and Cognitive Profiles
Valerie Temple, Jocelynn L. Cook, Kathy Unsworth, Nicole Roberts
Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 2021; 14(1): 107
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
38 Sleep disturbances in autism spectrum disorder without intellectual impairment: relationship with executive function and psychiatric symptoms
Laura Gisbert Gustemps, Jorge Lugo Marín, Imanol Setien Ramos, Pol Ibañez Jimenez, Odile Romero Santo-Tomás, María José Jurado Luque, Pura Ballester Navarro, Antoni Esteve Cruella, Emiliano Díez Villoria, Ricardo Canal Bedia, Josep Antoni Ramos Quiroga
Sleep Medicine. 2021; 83: 106
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
39 Brief report: Measures of effectiveness for single-question sleep problem screeners in children with autism spectrum disorder
Alison R. Marvin, Daniel L. Coury, Beth A. Malow, J. Kiely Law, Amanda E. Bennett
Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2021; 80: 101699
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
40 Safety and Efficacy of Medical Cannabis in Autism Spectrum Disorder Compared with Commonly Used Medications
Richard Holdman, Daniel Vigil, Kelsey Robinson, Puja Shah, Alexandra Elyse Contreras
Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. 2021;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
41 Sensitivity of the child behaviour checklist sleep items and convergent validity with the Sleep Disorders Scale for Children in a paediatric ADHD sample
Vincent O. Mancini, Benjamin T.D. Pearcy
Sleep Medicine: X. 2021; 3: 100033
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
42 Characteristics and Experiences of Parents of Children with Learning and Attention Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Mixed Methods Study
Emma Chad-Friedman, Karen A. Kuhlthau, Rachel A. Millstein, Giselle K. Perez, Christina M. Luberto, Lara Traeger, Jacqueline Proszynski, Elyse Park
The Family Journal. 2021; : 1066480721
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
43 Abnormal sleep physiology in children with 15q11.2-13.1 duplication (Dup15q) syndrome
Vidya Saravanapandian, Divya Nadkarni, Sheng-Hsiou Hsu, Shaun A. Hussain, Kiran Maski, Peyman Golshani, Christopher S. Colwell, Saravanavel Balasubramanian, Amos Dixon, Daniel H. Geschwind, Shafali S. Jeste
Molecular Autism. 2021; 12(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
44 Psychotropic medication prescribing in people with autism spectrum disorders with and without psychiatric comorbidity
Elliott Carthy, Callum Ross, David Murphy
BJPsych Advances. 2021; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
45 O’Donnell-Luria-Rodan syndrome: description of a second multinational cohort and refinement of the phenotypic spectrum
Clara Velmans, Anne H O'Donnell-Luria, Emanuela Argilli, Frederic Tran Mau-them, Antonio Vitobello, Marcus CY Chan, Jasmine Lee-Fong Fung, Megan Rech, Angela Abicht, Marion Aubert Mucca, Jason Carmichael, Nicolas Chassaing, Robin Clark, Christine Coubes, Anne-Sophie Denommé-Pichon, John Karl de Dios, Eleina England, Benoit Funalot, Marion Gerard, Maries Joseph, Colleen Kennedy, Camille Kumps, Marjolaine Willems, Ingrid M B.H van de Laar, Coranne Aarts-Tesselaar, Marjon van Slegtenhorst, Daphné Lehalle, Kathleen Leppig, Lennart Lessmeier, Lynn S Pais, Heather Paterson, Subhadra Ramanathan, Lance H Rodan, Andrea Superti-Furga, Brian H.Y. Chung, Elliott Sherr, Christian Netzer, Christian P Schaaf, Florian Erger
Journal of Medical Genetics. 2021; : jmedgenet-
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
46 Learning Difficulties and Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Role of Nutritional Interventions
Maryam Turkestani, Norah Aldosiry, Najat Hamed, Ramesa Shafi Bhat, Afaf El-Ansary
Neurochemical Journal. 2021; 15(4): 422
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
47 Autism medical comorbidities
Mohammed Al-Beltagi
World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics. 2021; 10(3): 15
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
48 Subjective and Electroencephalographic Sleep Parameters in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review
Maria Giuseppina Petruzzelli, Emilia Matera, Donatella Giambersio, Lucia Marzulli, Alessandra Gabellone, Anna Rosi Legrottaglie, Anna Margari, Lucia Margari
Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(17): 3893
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
49 Melatonin: From Pharmacokinetics to Clinical Use in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sébastien Lalanne, Claire Fougerou-Leurent, George M. Anderson, Carmen M. Schroder, Tali Nir, Sylvie Chokron, Richard Delorme, Bruno Claustrat, Eric Bellissant, Solenn Kermarrec, Patricia Franco, Laure Denis, Sylvie Tordjman
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(3): 1490
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
50 Case Report: Whole Exome Sequencing Revealed Disease-Causing Variants in Two Genes in a Patient With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Intellectual Disability, Hyperactivity, Sleep and Gastrointestinal Disturbances
Maria Cerminara, Giovanni Spirito, Livia Pisciotta, Margherita Squillario, Martina Servetti, Maria Teresa Divizia, Margherita Lerone, Bianca Berloco, Silvia Boeri, Lino Nobili, Diego Vozzi, Remo Sanges, Stefano Gustincich, Aldamaria Puliti
Frontiers in Genetics. 2021; 12
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
51 Sleep Disorders in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Insights From Animal Models, Especially Non-human Primate Model
Shufei Feng, Haoyu Huang, Na Wang, Yuanyuan Wei, Yun Liu, Dongdong Qin
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2021; 15
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
52 Co-occurring conditions and racial-ethnic disparities: Medicaid enrolled adults on the autism spectrum
Whitney Schott, Sha Tao, Lindsay Shea
Autism Research. 2021;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
53 Sleep Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Bangladesh: A Case–Control Study
Naznin Sultana, Md Asaduzzaman, Firoj al Mamun, Ismail Hosen, Qian Yu, Amir H Pakpour, David Gozal, Mohammed A Mamun
Nature and Science of Sleep. 2021; Volume 13: 673
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
54 Tactile Processing and Quality of Sleep in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Dominika Jamiol-Milc, Miroslawa Bloch, Magdalena Liput, Laura Stachowska, Karolina Skonieczna-Zydecka
Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(3): 362
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
55 Preliminary Results Regarding Sleep in a Zebrafish Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Madalina Andreea Robea, Alin Ciobica, Alexandrina-Stefania Curpan, Gabriel Plavan, Stefan Strungaru, Radu Lefter, Mircea Nicoara
Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(5): 556
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
56 Impact of Social and Relational Adversity on Access to Services among US Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder 2016–2019
Sarah D. Ronis, Eunice Lee, Carrie Cuffman, Kimberly Burkhart
Children. 2021; 8(12): 1099
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
57 Complexity of Body Movements during Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Naoki Furutani, Tetsuya Takahashi, Nobushige Naito, Takafumi Maruishi, Yuko Yoshimura, Chiaki Hasegawa, Tetsu Hirosawa, Mitsuru Kikuchi
Entropy. 2021; 23(4): 418
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
58 Investigating the Associations Between Child Autistic Symptoms, Socioeconomic Context, and Family Life: A Pilot Study
Frank Koziarz, Caroline Roncadin, Anna Kata, Eric Duku, Amber Cauwenbergs, William Mahoney, Briano Di Rezze, Colleen Anderson, Irene Drmic, Judy Eerkes, Kathleen Dekker, Katholiki Georgiades, Lorraine Hoult, Olaf Kraus de Camargo, Olivia Ng, Peter Rosenbaum, Ronit Mesterman, Stephen J. Gentles, Sue Robertson, Teresa Bennett, Stelios Georgiades
Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2021; 2
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
59 Composition of Gut Microbiota in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Lucía Iglesias-Vázquez, Georgette Van Ginkel Riba, Victoria Arija, Josefa Canals
Nutrients. 2020; 12(3): 792
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
60 Sleep Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Annio Posar, Paola Visconti
Pediatric Annals. 2020; 49(6)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
61 Sleep Problems and Disorders in Teenagers
Yayumi Kamiyama, Kaori Saito, Masahiro Suzuki
Journal of Nihon University Medical Association. 2020; 79(6): 345
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
62 Melatonin and Sleep Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Eun Jin Park, Young-Min Park
Chronobiology in Medicine. 2020; 2(2): 47
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
63 Dream enactment behavior: review for the clinician
Marc Baltzan, Chun Yao, Dorrie Rizzo, Ron Postuma
Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2020; 16(11): 1949
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
64 Sleep difficulties in children with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders: a systematic review of characteristics and associated factors
Charlotte Hibberd, Tony Charman, Raj Seraya Bhatoa, Sinem Tekes, Tammy Hedderly, Paul Gringras, Sally Robinson
Sleep. 2020; 43(6)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
65 Autism
Stephanie Enner, Samiya Ahmad, Anne M. Morse, Sanjeev V. Kothare
Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2020; 32(3): 446
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
66 Melatonin treatment of repetitive behavioral deficits in the Cntnap2 mouse model of autism spectrum disorder
Huei Bin Wang, Yu Tahara, Shu Hon Christopher Luk, Yoon-Sik Kim, Olivia N. Hitchcock, Zoe A. MacDowell Kaswan, Yang In Kim, Gene D. Block, Cristina A. Ghiani, Dawn H. Loh, Christopher S. Colwell
Neurobiology of Disease. 2020; 145: 105064
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
67 A large multicenter study of pediatric myotonic dystrophy type 1 for evidence-based management
Emmanuelle Lagrue, Céline Dogan, Marie De Antonio, Frédérique Audic, Nathalie Bach, Christine Barnerias, Rémi Bellance, Claude Cances, Brigitte Chabrol, Jean-Marie Cuisset, Isabelle Desguerre, Julien Durigneux, Caroline Espil, Mélanie Fradin, Delphine Héron, Arnaud Isapof, Agnès Jacquin-Piques, Hubert Journel, Cécile Laroche-Raynaud, Vincent Laugel, Armelle Magot, Véronique Manel, Michèle Mayer, Yann Péréon, Julie Perrier-Boeswillald, Sylviane Peudenier, Susana Quijano-Roy, Sylvie Ragot-Mandry, Christian Richelme, François Rivier, Pascal Sabouraud, Catherine Sarret, Hervé Testard, Catherine Vanhulle, Ulrike Walther-Louvier, Romain Gherardi, Dalil Hamroun, Guillaume Bassez
Neurology. 2019; 92(8): e852
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
68 Sleep Problems in 2- to 5-Year-Olds With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Developmental Delays
Ann M. Reynolds, Gnakub N. Soke, Katherine R. Sabourin, Susan Hepburn, Terry Katz, Lisa D. Wiggins, Laura A. Schieve, Susan E. Levy
Pediatrics. 2019; 143(3)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
69 Why are individuals with autism spectrum disorder at risk group for unhealthy weight?
Sylwia Trambacz-Oleszak
Anthropological Review. 2019; 82(3): 313
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
70 Behavioral and/or pharmacological interventions for managing sleep disturbances in children with autism spectrum disorder: an umbrella review protocol
Neeli Kirkendall, Michelle Palokas
JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. 2017; 15(10): 2495
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
Print this article  Email this article
 
 
  Search
 
  
 
    Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
    Article in PDF (293 KB)
    Citation Manager
    Access Statistics
    Reader Comments
    Email Alert *
    Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)  


    Abstract
   Introduction
   Methodology
   Conclusion
    References

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed19165    
    Printed494    
    Emailed2    
    PDF Downloaded558    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 70    

Recommend this journal