|
 |
|
REVIEW ARTICLE |
|
|
|
| Year : 2017 | Volume
: 12
| Issue : 1 | Page : 1-6 |
| |
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: A radiological review
Shahina Bano1, Vikas Chaudhary2, Umesh Chandra Garga1
1 Department of Radiodiagnosis, PGIMER, Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi, India
2 Department of Radiodiagnosis, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| Date of Web Publication | 4-May-2017 |
Correspondence Address:
Shahina Bano
Room No. 603, PGIMER, Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi - 110 001
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/1817-1745.205646
 Abstract | | |
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a devastating condition that may result in death or severe neurologic deficits in children. Neuroimaging with cranial ultrasound (US), computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are valuable tools in the workup of patients with HIE. The pattern of brain injury depends on the severity and duration of hypoxia and degree of brain maturation. Mild to moderate HI injury results in periventricular leukomalacia and germinal matrix bleed in preterm neonates, and parasagittal watershed infarcts in full-term neonates. Severe HI injury involves deep gray matter in both term and preterm infants. Treatment of HIE is largely supportive. The current article reviews the etiopathophysiology and clinical manifestations of HIE, role of imaging in the evaluation of the condition, patterns of brain injury in term and preterm neonates, the treatment and the prognosis.
Keywords: Computed tomography, cranial ultrasound, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, magnetic resonance imaging
How to cite this article:
Bano S, Chaudhary V, Garga UC. Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: A radiological review. J Pediatr Neurosci 2017;12:1-6 |
| Introduction | |  |
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the most common causes of cerebral palsy (CP) and other severe neurological deficits in children. Neonatal HIE occurs in 1.5/1000 live births. It is caused by inadequate blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain resulting in focal or diffuse brain injury.[1] Asphyxia is the most significant risk factor for HIE that may occur from a variety of conditions. The pattern of brain injury depends on the severity and duration of hypoxia and degree of brain maturation. The imaging findings in full-term neonates (>36 weeks of gestation) may differ from those in preterm neonates (<36 weeks of gestation).[2] Neuroimaging modalities such as ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) help in identification and characterization of the accurate location, extent, and severity of the brain injury. Newer imaging techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) being more sensitive to diagnose acute brain injury have a potential role in early diagnosis and timely intervention.[3],[4] The treatment is primarily supportive, aimed at correction of underlying cause. The role of neuroprotective interventions to limit the extent of brain injury caused by hypoxia-ischemia is under investigation. The prognosis of HIE depends on the severity of injury and gestational age of the infant.[5],[6]
In this article, we review the etiopathophysiology and clinical manifestations of HIE, role of imaging in evaluation of the condition, patterns of brain injury in term and preterm neonates, the treatment and the prognosis.
| Etiopathogenesis | | |
Perinatal asphyxia is the most important cause of HIE. Perinatal asphyxia may occur either in utero or postnatally. Intrauterine asphyxia results due to inadequate placental perfusion and impaired gaseous exchange that may be caused by fetal factors (fetal bradycardia, fetal thrombosis, and fetal hemorrhage), maternal factors (preeclampsia, abruptio-placentae, maternal hypotension, severe anemia, asthma and chronic vascular disease), or tight nuchal cord and cord prolapse. Postnatal asphyxia results from conditions causing neonatal pulmonary failure such as severe hyaline membrane disease, meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia, or congenital cardiac disease.[2],[3],[4],[5],[6]
The basic physiologic processes that result in HIE, both in preterm and term neonate, is asphyxia leading to brain ischemia (reduced cerebral blood flow) and hypoxia (reduced cerebral oxygen). Hypoperfusion, in conjunction with hypoxia, leads to a cascade of events including acidosis, release of inflammatory mediators and free radical formation. These biochemical substances result in loss of normal cerebral autoregulation and diffuse brain injury (neuronal cell death). The exact nature of the injury depends on the severity and duration of hypoxia and degree of brain maturation. In term infants, myelinated fibers are more metabolically active and hence more vulnerable to HIE.[7]
| Clinical Manifestations | | |
At delivery, HIE neonate may have low Apgar score (bradycardia, poor respiratory effort, hypotonia, decreased alertness, weak or absent cry, and abnormal skin color) and metabolic acidosis in cord blood. The infant usually develops seizure within first 24 h of life. Children with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) may develop spastic CP in the form of diplegia, quadriplegia, or hemiplegia. Involvement of subcortical white matter produces severe mental retardation and impaired vision. Basal ganglia (BG) and thalamic involvement result in extrapyramidal symptoms. Multicystic encephalopathy is associated with quadriplegia, bulbar and choreoathetoid symptoms, microcephaly and mental retardation. Abnormal electroencephalographic (EEG) findings may predict adverse clinical outcome such as long-term neurologic sequelae or impending death.[6]
| Role of Imaging | | |
Cranial ultrasound (US) is the initial investigation of choice in suspected cases of neonatal HIE as it is inexpensive, portable and imparts no radiation exposure. Cranial US is highly sensitive for detecting intracranial hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, and cystic PVL. Increased resistive index (RI) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) on Doppler sonography helps to identify severe HIE. Normally, RI decreases with increasing gestational age. Despite the above advantages, cranial US has several limitations such as low sensitivity for detecting cortical lesions, marked interobserver variability and operator dependency. CT and MRI have greater sensitivity for the detection of cortical injury and markedly lower interobserver variability than sonography.[2],[8]
CT is less sensitive and specific than MRI to diagnose neonatal HIE. However, multidetector CT may be used for screening intracranial hemorrhage in very sick neonates without need for sedation. The major disadvantage of CT in neonates is radiation exposure.[2]
MRI is the most sensitive and specific imaging modality for evaluating suspected neonatal HIE. In neonatal brain imaging as compared to the adult brain, a relatively higher repetition time for both T1 (800 ms) and T2 (6500 ms) is used to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio and gray-white matter differentiation. Conventional MRI is less sensitive than newer imaging techniques like DWI and MRS in diagnosing acute brain injury; however, they can help to exclude other causes of encephalopathy such as congenital malformation, neoplasm, cerebral infarction and hemorrhage. On conventional MRI, HI injury to gray matter (cortex and deep gray matter) demonstrates characteristic T1-hyperintensity and variable T2-hyperintensity depending on duration of the imaging and pathological condition such as hemorrhage, encephalomalacia, or gliosis. White matter injury results in T1-hypointensity and T2-hyperintensity due to ischemia-induced edema or cystic encephalomalacia. Whereas, white matter injury with abnormal T1 hyperintensity and without marked T2 hypointensity denotes astrogliosis. The fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence is particularly useful for demonstrating cystic leukomalacia and gliosis. Gradient recalled echo-T2*-weighted sequence or susceptibility weighted imaging is particularly sensitive for detecting hemorrhage and distinguishing it from astrogliosis.[2],[9] DWI may demonstrate cytotoxic edema (due to hypoxic brain injury) in acute phase before the signal intensity changes are evident on conventional T1- or T2-weighted images. Cytotoxic edema can be seen as diffusion restriction on DWI evidenced by increased signal intensity on DWI and decrease signal intensity on corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient mapping. The limitation of DWI is that it may give false negative result if performed within first 24 h of HI injury. DWI changes can be typically seen for only 10–12 days after tissue death and pseudonormalization occurs thereafter. Early DWI is excellent for the detection of white matter injury. However, DWI cannot detect the severity of HI brain injury or predict adverse clinical outcome.[3],[4],[10] MRS performed within first 24 h after birth in a full-term neonate is very sensitive to the severity of HI brain injury and can predict adverse outcome. Elevated lactate/creatine ratio on day 1 of life is a predictor of adverse neurological outcome, whereas absence of lactate predicts a normal outcome. Decreased N-acetylaspartate (NAA), increased choline and glutamine-glutamate peaks are also seen in neonatal HIE. MRS is not recommended in preterm neonates as they usually show higher lactate and lower NAA peaks. Two major drawbacks of MRI is limited access and need for sedation in neonates.[3],[4],[10]
| Patterns of Brain Injury | | |
Although the pattern of brain injury may differ in preterm (<36 weeks of gestation) and term neonates (>36 weeks of gestation) depending on the severity and duration of hypoxia and degree of brain maturation, some overlapping features may exist.[2]
In preterm neonates with immature brain, periventricular white matter (supplied by ventriculopetal penetrating arteries) is most vulnerable to the HI injury. Mild to moderate HI injury results in PVL, that may be focal (adjacent to frontal horns and trigones) or diffuse [Figure 1]. Progressive necrosis results in loss of periventricular white matter, passive ventriculomegaly (irregular margins of the bodies and trigones of lateral ventricles) and thinning of corpus callosum [Figure 2] and [Figure 3]. Cavitation and cyst formation represents end-stage PVL and is best demonstrated on FLAIR sequence [Figure 4]. Periventricular cysts are usually ≤2–3 mm, larger cysts carry poorer prognosis. DWI is a promising technique for early detection of PVL, before any abnormality appears on conventional MRI. Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) is typically seen in preterm infants with HI injury. Subsequent reperfusion to ischemic brain tissue may result in GMH from rupture of weak capillaries and increased venous pressure. Depending on severity, GMH can be graded into subependymal hemorrhage (Grade 1), intraventicular hemorrhage without (Grade 2) and with (Grade 3) ventricular dilatation or parenchymal extension of the bleed with coexisting venous infarction (Grade 4). Gradient recalled echo-T2*-weighted sequence is highly sensitive to detect GMH [Figure 5]. Coexisting periventricular white matter injury and germinal matrix bleed may be present. Thalami, brainstem, and cerebellum in the immature brain have high metabolic activity and hence are more susceptible to injury in severe HI injury [Figure 6].[11],[12],[13] | Figure 1: Magnetic resonance imaging of brain, fluid attenuation inversion recovery (axial) images in a 5-month old preterm infant showing feature of mild-moderate hypoxic-ischemic injury in form of periventricular leukomalacia seen as periventricular white matter hyperintensity
Click here to view |
 | Figure 2: Noncontrast computed tomography head (axial) in a 4-month old preterm infant showing features of mild-moderate hypoxic-ischemic injury in the form of significant loss of periventricular white matter and passive ventriculomegaly with irregular margins
Click here to view |
 | Figure 3: Noncontrast computed tomography head (sagittal), in a 6-month old preterm infant with neonatal hypoxia showing features of periventricular leukomalacia (arrow), passive ventriculomegaly (asterisk) and thinning of corpus callosum (arrow head)
Click here to view |
 | Figure 4: Magnetic resonance imaging brain, fluid attenuation inversion recovery (axial) images, in two different preterm infants showing features of end-stage periventricular leukomalacia in form of multicystic encephalomalacia (asterisk), best appreciated on fluid attenuation inversion recovery image. Passive ventriculomegaly (arrow) and prominent subarachnoid space is also present
Click here to view |
 | Figure 5: Magnetic resonance imaging brain, Gradient recalled echo and T1/T2 weighted (axial) images, in a 5-month old preterm infant showing subependymal germinal matrix bleed (Grade 1) on gradient recalled echo image (arrow). Note bleed is not evident on T1/T2 weighted images
Click here to view |
 | Figure 6: Noncontrast computed tomography head (axial) in 3-month old preterm infant showing features of both severe and mild-moderate hypoxia-ischemic injury in form of bilateral basal ganglia and thalamic injury (hyperdense basal ganglia and thalami) typical of severe hypoxia (thin arrow); and multicystic encephalomalacia (asterisk) and passive ventriculomegaly (thick arrow) typical of mild-moderate hypoxia. Dystrophic cortical calcification (arrow head) is also present
Click here to view |
In term neonates, mild to moderate HI injury produces parasagittal watershed zone infarcts between anterior/MCA and middle/posterior cerebral artery. Both the cortex and underlying subcortical white matter are involved [Figure 7]. Severe HI injury results in injury to metabolically active tissues such as ventrolateral thalami, posterior putamina, hippocampi, brainstem, corticospinal tracts, and sensorimotor cortex [Figure 8],[Figure 9],[Figure 10],[Figure 11]. BG injury is more common than parasagittal pattern and carries the worst prognosis. DWI and proton MRS demonstrate BG injury earlier than any other imaging modality. Severe global hypoxia may also lead to diffuse cerebral edema [Figure 12]. MR scan of term infants with chronic HIE may reveal cortical atrophy and thinning (ulegyria) and multicystic encephalomalacia [Figure 13].[2],[12],[14] | Figure 7: Noncontrast computed tomography head (axial) in a 4-month old term infant showing features of mild-moderate hypoxic-ischemic injury in form of acute watershed zone infarcts (wedge shaped low density areas) involving bilateral frontal and parieto-occipital region (arrow)
Click here to view |
 | Figure 8: Magnetic resonance imaging brain in 1-year-old term male showing feature of severe hypoxic-ischemic injury involving ventrolateral thalami (arrow head), posterior putamina (thin arrow), and prirolandic cortex (thick arrow), as fluid attenuation inversion recovery hyperintensity
Click here to view |
 | Figure 9: Magnetic resonance imaging brain in 2.5-year-old term male showing feature of severe hypoxic-ischemic injury in the form of acute basal ganglia infarcts appearing hyperintense on fluid attenuation inversion recovery sequence and showing diffusion restriction on diffusion-weighted imaging and corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient mapping (arrow)
Click here to view |
 | Figure 10: Noncontrast computed tomography head (axial) in 1-month old term infant showing feature of severe hypoxia in form of Primarily thalamic injury (hyperdense thalami) (arrow)
Click here to view |
 | Figure 11: Noncontrast computed tomography head (axial) in a 3-year-old term male showing features of severe hypoxic-ischemic injury in the form of hyperdense basal ganglia (thin white arrow) and thalami (arrow head), loss of periventricular white matter, passive ventriculomegaly with irregular margin (thick black arrow) and atrophy of sensory motor cortex (thick white arrow)
Click here to view |
 | Figure 12: Noncontrast computed tomography head (axial) in a 4-month old term infant showing features of severe global hypoxia in the form of diffuse cerebral edema (asterisk). Thalami and basal ganglia are spared
Click here to view |
 | Figure 13: Noncontrast computed tomography head (axial) in 6-month old term infant showing features of chronic mild-moderate hypoxic-ischemic injury in form of chronic watershed zone infarct involving bilateral parieto-occipital region with areas of cystic encephalomalacia/gliosis (arrow), focal loss of white matter and colpocephaly (dilated occipital horns) (asterisk)
Click here to view |
| Treatment and Prognosis | | |
Early diagnosis and timely intervention is the main objective in the management of a neonate with suspected HIE. The estimated therapeutic window is very short, of about 2–6 h during which intervention may be efficacious in reducing the severity of brain injury. Recent trials have shown that therapeutic hypothermia in the form of selective brain cooling is neuroprotective and helps to improve neurological outcome among HIE infants with moderate EEG abnormalities. Research on the potential benefit of other neuroprotective agents (like calcium channel blockers) is going on. The treatment is primarily supportive with correction of the underlying cause. The supportive care includes maintenance of adequate ventilation, metabolic status and vitals, and control of brain edema and seizure.[5],[6],[15]
The prognosis of HIE depends on the severity of injury and gestational age of the infant. Cortex and BG involvement on conventional MRI, diffusion restriction on DWI, increased lactate on MRS within 24 h of life and severe EEG abnormalities predict poor outcome. Term infants with mild encephalopathy generally have good prognosis and show complete recovery; however, 20% of infants may die in the neonatal period and another 25% may develop significant neurological deficit. Preterm infants, compared with term infants have poor prognosis.[5],[6]
| Conclusion | | |
HIE is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period. Cranial US, CT and MRI show characteristic pattern of brain injury and help to exclude other causes of encephalopathy. Imaging plays an important role in early diagnosis and timely intervention, thereby reducing the severity of neonatal brain injury.
Acknowledgment
The authors express their sincere gratitude to the respected Late Dr. Sachchida Nand Yadav (Sr. Radiologist, PGIMER, Dr. RML Hospital) for always being helpful unconditionally. He was a gentleman in true sense. May his noble soul rest in peace!
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Kurinczuk JJ, White-Koning M, Badawi N. Epidemiology of neonatal encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Early Hum Dev 2010;86:329-38.  [ PUBMED] |
| 2. | Barkovich AJ, editor. Brain and spine injuries in infancy and childhood. In: Pediatric Neuroimaging. 4 th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 190-290. |
| 3. | Barkovich AJ, Westmark KD, Bedi HS, Partridge JC, Ferriero DM, Vigneron DB. Proton spectroscopy and diffusion imaging on the first day of life after perinatal asphyxia: Preliminary report. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:1786-94. |
| 4. | Zarifi MK, Astrakas LG, Poussaint TY, Plessis Ad A, Zurakowski D, Tzika AA. Prediction of adverse outcome with cerebral lactate level and apparent diffusion coefficient in infants with perinatal asphyxia. Radiology 2002;225:859-70. |
| 5. | Ferriero DM. Neonatal brain injury. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1985-95. |
| 6. | Shalak L, Perlman JM. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in the term infant-current concepts. Early Hum Dev 2004;80:125-41. |
| 7. | Johnston MV, Trescher WH, Ishida A, Nakajima W. Neurobiology of hypoxic-ischemic injury in the developing brain. Pediatr Res 2001;49:735-41. |
| 8. | Benson JE, Bishop MR, Cohen HL. Intracranial neonatal neurosonography: An update. Ultrasound Q 2002;18:89-114. |
| 9. | Hüppi PS. Advances in postnatal neuroimaging: Relevance to pathogenesis and treatment of brain injury. Clin Perinatol 2002;29:827-56. |
| 10. | Barkovich AJ, Miller SP, Bartha A, Newton N, Hamrick SE, Mukherjee P, et al. MR imaging, MR spectroscopy, and diffusion tensor imaging of sequential studies in neonates with encephalopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:533-47. |
| 11. | Barkovich AJ, Sargent SK. Profound asphyxia in the premature infant: Imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:1837-46. |
| 12. | Barkovich AJ, editor. Pediatric Neuroimaging. 3 rd ed. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000. p. 162-208. |
| 13. | Sie LT, van der Knaap MS, van Wezel-Meijler G, Taets van Amerongen AH, Lafeber HN, Valk J. Early MR features of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonates with periventricular densities on sonograms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:852-61. |
| 14. | Heinz ER, Provenzale JM. Imaging findings in neonatal hypoxia: A practical review. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;192:41-7. |
| 15. | Gulczynska E, Gadzinowski J. Therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Ginekol Pol 2012;83:214-8. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9], [Figure 10], [Figure 11], [Figure 12], [Figure 13]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Incidence and risk factors |
|
| Maiya Zhakupova, Ardak Nurbakyt, Dinara Ospanova, Ardak Chuyenbekova, Zhanat Kozhekenova, Gauhar Dauletova, Akmaral Aitmanbetova, Maksat Abdikadir, Zhilvinas Padaiga, Marina Izmailovich, Natalya Glushkova, Yuliya Semenova | | Heliyon. 2023; : e14849 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
3D doppler ultrasound imaging of cerebral blood flow for assessment of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in mice |
|
| Guofang Shen, Kayla Sanchez, Shirley Hu, Zhen Zhao, Lubo Zhang, Qingyi Ma, Masaki Mogi | | PLOS ONE. 2023; 18(5): e0285434 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
MRI findings of children with suspected hypoxic ischaemic injury at a Tertiary Academic Hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa |
|
| Liam Lorentz, Nasreen Mahomed, Tanyia Pillay | | Wits Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 5(1): 31 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
An Atypical Case of Neonatal Hypoglycemic Encephalopathy with Extensive White Matter Lesions |
|
| Won Jik Shin, Younghyun Kim, Kye Hyang Lee | | Annals of Child Neurology. 2023; 31(1): 70 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Therapeutic Hypothermia Attenuates Cortical Interneuron Loss after Cerebral Ischemia in Near-Term Fetal Sheep |
|
| Panzao Yang, Joanne O. Davidson, Kelly Q. Zhou, Rani Wilson, Guido Wassink, Jaya D. Prasad, Laura Bennet, Alistair J. Gunn, Justin M. Dean | | International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(4): 3706 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Application of amide proton transfer imaging for the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy |
|
| Sijin Chen, Xilong Liu, Jie Lin, Yingjie Mei, Kan Deng, Qiao Xue, Xiaoyan Song, Yikai Xu | | Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2022; 10 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Maternal Cigarette Smoke Exposure Exaggerates the Behavioral Defects and Neuronal Loss Caused by Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Female Offspring |
|
| Taida Huang, Xiaomin Huang, Hui Li, Junhua Qi, Nan Wang, Yi Xu, Yunxin Zeng, Xuewen Xiao, Ruide Liu, Yik Lung Chan, Brian G. Oliver, Chenju Yi, Dan Li, Hui Chen | | Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2022; 16 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Whole-volume ADC histogram of the brain as an image biomarker in evaluating disease severity of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy |
|
| Ruizhu Wang, Yanli Xi, Ming Yang, Meijiao Zhu, Feng Yang, Huafeng Xu | | Frontiers in Neurology. 2022; 13 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Development of a composite diffusion tensor imaging score correlating with short-term neurological status in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy |
|
| Kengo Onda, Eva Catenaccio, Jill Chotiyanonta, Raul Chavez-Valdez, Avner Meoded, Bruno P. Soares, Aylin Tekes, Harisa Spahic, Sarah C. Miller, Sarah-Jane Parker, Charlamaine Parkinson, Dhananjay M. Vaidya, Ernest M. Graham, Carl E. Stafstrom, Allen D. Everett, Frances J. Northington, Kenichi Oishi | | Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2022; 16 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Modern possibilities of diagnosing lesions of the visual analyzer in perinatal lesions of the central nervous system in full-term and premature infants |
|
| I.B. Astasheva, M.R. Guseva, R. Atamuradov, V.V. Marenkov, Yu.A. Kyun | | Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova. 2022; 122(12): 7 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Defining Longer-Term Outcomes in an Ovine Model of Moderate Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemia |
|
| Jana Krystofova Mike, Katherine Y. Wu, Yasmine White, Praneeti Pathipati, Blaise Ndjamen, Rachel S. Hutchings, Courtney Losser, Christian Vento, Kimberly Arellano, Oona Vanhatalo, Samuel Ostrin, Christine Windsor, Janica Ha, Ziad Alhassen, Brian D. Goudy, Payam Vali, Satyan Lakshminrusimha, Jogarao V.S. Gobburu, Janel Long-Boyle, Peggy Chen, Yvonne W. Wu, Jeffrey R. Fineman, Donna M. Ferriero, Emin Maltepe | | Developmental Neuroscience. 2022; 44(4-5): 277 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Cystic Neuronal Necrosis of Posterior Thalami in Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Case Report of an Unusual Radiological Finding |
|
| Ebinesh A., Alpana Manchanda, Prerana Saraswat, Dheeman Futela, Ajay Kumar | | Journal of Neonatology. 2022; : 0973217922 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Serum neuron-specific enolase, magnetic resonance imaging, and electrophysiology for predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes of neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a prospective study |
|
| Hui-Zhi Huang, Xiao-Feng Hu, Xiao-Hong Wen, Li-Qi Yang | | BMC Pediatrics. 2022; 22(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes protect against nerve injury via regulating immune microenvironment in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage model |
|
| Jiaping Shu, Li Jiang, Meiqiu Wang, Ren Wang, Xinyu Wang, Chunlin Gao, Zhengkun Xia | | Immunobiology. 2022; : 152178 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Deep nuclei injury distribution in isolated “basal ganglia–thalamus” (BGT) versus combined “BGT and watershed” patterns of hypoxic–ischaemic injury (HII) in children with cerebral palsy |
|
| M.M. Elsingergy, F. Worede, S. Venkatakrishna, S. Andronikou | | Clinical Radiology. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Microstructural Alterations in Projection and Association Fibers in Neonatal Hypoxia–Ischemia |
|
| Zuozhen Cao, Huijia Lin, Fusheng Gao, Xiaoxia Shen, Hongxi Zhang, Jiangyang Zhang, Lizhong Du, Can Lai, Xiaolu Ma, Dan Wu | | Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Simultaneous high-resolution T
2
-weighted imaging and quantitative
T
2
mapping at low magnetic field strengths using a multiple TE and multi-orientation acquisition approach
|
|
| Sean C. L. Deoni, Jonathan O'Muircheartaigh, Emil Ljungberg, Mathew Huentelman, Steven C. R. Williams | | Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
AIF Overexpression Aggravates Oxidative Stress in Neonatal Male Mice After Hypoxia–Ischemia Injury |
|
| Tao Li, Yanyan Sun, Shan Zhang, Yiran Xu, Kenan Li, Cuicui Xie, Yong Wang, Yafeng Wang, Jing Cao, Xiaoyang Wang, Josef M. Penninger, Guido Kroemer, Klas Blomgren, Changlian Zhu | | Molecular Neurobiology. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Relationship Between MRI Scoring Systems and Neurodevelopmental Outcome at Two Years in Infants With Neonatal Encephalopathy |
|
| Megan Ní Bhroin, Lynne Kelly, Deirdre Sweetman, Saima Aslam, Mary I. O'Dea, Tim Hurley, Marie Slevin, John Murphy, Angela T. Byrne, Gabrielle Colleran, Eleanor J. Molloy, Arun L.W. Bokde | | Pediatric Neurology. 2022; 126: 35 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
The NESHIE and CP Genetics Resource (NCGR): A database of genes and variants reported in neonatal encephalopathy with suspected hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (NESHIE) and consequential cerebral palsy (CP) |
|
| Megan A. Holborn, Graeme Ford, Sarah Turner, Juanita Mellet, Jeanne van Rensburg, Fourie Joubert, Michael S. Pepper | | Genomics. 2022; 114(6): 110508 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Methods for Monitoring Risk of Hypoxic Damage in Fetal and Neonatal Brains: A Review |
|
| Liaisan Uzianbaeva, Yan Yan, Tanaya Joshi, Nina Yin, Chaur-Dong Hsu, Edgar Hernandez-Andrade, Mohammad Mehrmohammadi | | Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Cerebral Blood Flow of the Neonatal Brain after Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury |
|
| Luis Octavio Tierradentro-García, Sandra Saade-Lemus, Colbey Freeman, Matthew Kirschen, Hao Huang, Arastoo Vossough, Misun Hwang | | American Journal of Perinatology. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Abnormal Vestibular–Ocular Reflexes in Children With Cortical Visual Impairment |
|
| Sasha A. Mansukhani, Mai-Lan Ho, Michael C. Brodsky | | Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2021; 41(4): 531 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Sex-related differences in arterial spin-labelled perfusion of metabolically active brain structures in neonatal hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy |
|
| Q. Zheng, C.W. Freeman, M. Hwang | | Clinical Radiology. 2021; 76(5): 342 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Gray-scale ultrasound findings of hypoxic-ischemic injury in term infants |
|
| Misun Hwang | | Pediatric Radiology. 2021; 51(9): 1738 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Short-term feeding outcomes after neonatal brain injury |
|
| Sarah K. Edney, Anna Basu, Celia Harding, Lindsay Pennington | | Journal of Neonatal Nursing. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Neonatal Encephalopathy: Beyond Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy |
|
| Jeffrey B. Russ, Roxanne Simmons, Hannah C. Glass | | NeoReviews. 2021; 22(3): e148 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in evaluation of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in pediatric age group |
|
| Fatma Ibrahim Soliman Elshal, Walid Ahmed Elshehaby, Mahmoud Abd elaziz Dawoud, Ekhlas Abdelmonem Shaban | | Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 2021; 52(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
Comparative Study Between Serum Level of Total L-carnitine in Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) and Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN) |
|
| Amira M. Shalaby, Eman Fathala Gad, Eman Mohammed Salah Eldin, Safiea A. El-Deeb, Safwat M. Abdel-Aziz | | Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics. 2021; 12(3) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
Cortical ischaemic patterns in term partial-prolonged hypoxic-ischaemic injury—the inter-arterial watershed demonstrated through atrophy, ulegyria and signal change on delayed MRI scans in children with cerebral palsy |
|
| Anith Chacko, Savvas Andronikou, Ali Mian, Fabrício Guimarães Gonçalves, Schadie Vedajallam, Ngoc Jade Thai | | Insights into Imaging. 2020; 11(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
Longitudinal brain magnetic resonance imaging of children with perinatal Chikungunya encephalitis |
|
| Diogo Goulart Corrêa, Fátima Cristiane Pinho de Almeida Di Maio Ferreira, Luiz Celso Hygino da Cruz Jr, Patrícia Brasil, Fernanda Cristina Rueda Lopes | | The Neuroradiology Journal. 2020; 33(6): 532 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Management of Multi Organ Dysfunction in Neonatal Encephalopathy |
|
| Mary O'Dea, Deirdre Sweetman, Sonia Lomeli Bonifacio, Mohamed El-Dib, Topun Austin, Eleanor J. Molloy | | Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2020; 8 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Brain Magnetic Resonance Findings in 117 Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder under 5 Years Old |
|
| Magali Jane Rochat, Giacomo Distefano, Monica Maffei, Francesco Toni, Annio Posar, Maria Cristina Scaduto, Federica Resca, Cinzia Cameli, Elena Bacchelli, Elena Maestrini, Paola Visconti | | Brain Sciences. 2020; 10(10): 741 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Animal models for neonatal brain injury induced by hypoxic ischemic conditions in rodents |
|
| Nancy Hamdy, Sarah Eide, Hong-Shuo Sun, Zhong-Ping Feng | | Experimental Neurology. 2020; 334: 113457 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
Anchor-Based Segmentation of Periventricular White Matter for Neonatal HIE |
|
| Jihua Wang, Chao Huang, Zhou Wang, Yongxin Zhang, Yanhui Ding, Jianjun Xiu | | IEEE Access. 2020; 8: 73547 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
AT1R/GSK-3ß/mTOR Signaling Pathway Involved in Angiotensin II-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis after HIE Both In Vitro and In Vivo |
|
| Wei Si, Banghui Li, Cameron Lenahan, Shirong Li, Ran Gu, Hao Qu, Lu Wang, Jiapeng Liu, Tian Tian, Qian Wang, XikeWang, Xiao Hu, Gang Zuo, Robert Ostrowski | | Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020; 2020: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
Quantitative analyses of high-angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI)-derived long association fibers in children with sensorineural hearing loss |
|
| Tadashi Shiohama, Brianna Chew, Jacob Levman, Emi Takahashi | | International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 2020; 80(8): 717 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
Neonatal Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings and Its Relationship with Demographic Characteristics of Neonates |
|
| Ahmad Rezaee Azandariani, Masoud Esnaashari, Fahimeh Maghsoodi, Farzaneh Esna-Ashari | | Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 26(2): 118 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY USING MRI |
|
| Hari Singh, Vandana Verma, Sunanda Samanta, Dipu Singh, Chandramohan Bansal, Rachna Pachori, Utkarsh Yadav | | Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2019; 6(29): 1954 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
Loss of interneurons and disruption of perineuronal nets in the cerebral cortex following hypoxia-ischaemia in near-term fetal sheep |
|
| Tania M. Fowke, Robert Galinsky, Joanne O. Davidson, Guido Wassink, Rashika N. Karunasinghe, Jaya D. Prasad, Laura Bennet, Alistair J. Gunn, Justin M. Dean | | Scientific Reports. 2018; 8(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 41 |
Assessing Cerebral Metabolism in the Immature Rodent: From Extracts to Real-Time Assessments |
|
| Alkisti Mikrogeorgiou, Duan Xu, Donna M. Ferriero, Susan J. Vannucci | | Developmental Neuroscience. 2018; 40(5-6): 463 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
MicroRNA-29b alleviates oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced injury via inhibition of the p53-dependent apoptosis pathway in N2a neuroblastoma cells |
|
| Lei Cao, Yu Zhang, Shuai Zhang, Tian-Peng Jiang, Li Chen, Jing Liu, Shi Zhou | | Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
