CASE REPORT
Year : 2011 | Volume
: 6 | Issue : 1 | Page : 65--68
Intraoral plexiform neurofibroma involving the maxilla - pathognomonic of neurofibromatosis type I
Smitha Thammaiah, M Manjunath, Kavita Rao, HS Uma Devi
Department of Oral Pathology, V. S. Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, India
Correspondence Address:
Smitha Thammaiah
Department of Oral Pathology, V. S. Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore
India
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis is one of the phakomatosis (neurodermatoses) which are genetically determined hamartomatous or neoplastic diseases of the skin and nervous system. It is not a single entity, but a group of heterogeneous multisystemic neurocutaneous disorders involving both neuroectodermal and mesenchymal derivatives. Plexiform neurofibroma, a histopathologic variant of neurofibroma, is a hallmark of neurofibromatosis type I (NF-I). It is pathognomonic of NF-I and may be the first sign of neurofibromatosis. It often appears within the first 2 years of life or before adolescence and occurs in only 5% of NF-I cases. We present a case of intraosseous plexiform neurofibroma of the maxilla in a 2-year old female, which is rare, along with the oral manifestations and clinicopathological characteristics. Because NF-I is one of the most common genetic disorders and oral manifestations are common, knowledge of the variability of presentation in children is necessary for prompt diagnosis.
How to cite this article:
Thammaiah S, Manjunath M, Rao K, Uma Devi H S. Intraoral plexiform neurofibroma involving the maxilla - pathognomonic of neurofibromatosis type I.J Pediatr Neurosci 2011;6:65-68
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How to cite this URL:
Thammaiah S, Manjunath M, Rao K, Uma Devi H S. Intraoral plexiform neurofibroma involving the maxilla - pathognomonic of neurofibromatosis type I. J Pediatr Neurosci [serial online] 2011 [cited 2023 Dec 3 ];6:65-68
Available from: https://www.pediatricneurosciences.com/text.asp?2011/6/1/65/84413 |
Full Text
Introduction
Neurofibromatosis type I (NF-I) is one of the most common autosomal dominant disorders, occurring one in every 3000 of the population. This form of the disease is also known as Von Recklinghausen's disease of the skin and accounts for 85-97% of cases. 50% of all patients have no family history and apparently represent new mutations. [1] NF-I is characterized primarily by café-au-lait pigmentation of the skin, multiple neurofibromas, and a wide variety of other possible abnormalities including iris nodules, central nervous system tumors, mental deficiency and seizures. [2] Plexiform (plecks-i-form) neurofibromas are tumors that spread out either just under the skin or deeper in the body. [1]
Case Report
A female patient, aged 2½ years, presented to the V. S. Dental College and Hospital with a painless, slowly enlarging swelling on the right side of face, of 1 year duration. She had a family history of neurofibromatosis (father and uncle). Her past medical history was otherwise unremarkable. On general examination, the patient was moderately nourished and was in no apparent distress. Multiple " Café-au-lait" spots were seen in the trunk region [Figure 1]. No lymph node enlargement/skeletal abnormalities were present. On local examination, there was a gross facial asymmetry due to swelling on right side of face. Mild proptosis and periorbital edema were seen in the right eye region. Lisch nodules (pigmented hamartomas), appearing as dome-shaped elevations on the surface of iris, were observed upon slit-lamp examination.{Figure 1}
Extraorally, a solitary, diffuse, smooth-surfaced swelling was present on the right side of the face, which extended anterioposteriorly from cheek to temple area [Figure 2]. The swelling was nontender, nonfluctuant, hard in consistency, with no rise in surface temperature.
Intraorally, a solitary, well-defined ovoid swelling measuring 6 3 cm was present on the right side, extending from the distal aspect of upper right canine to alveolar ridge in relation to the unerupted upper right second molar, and from upper buccal sulcus up to 0.5 cm from the midline of palate [Figure 3]. On palpation, it was nontender, nonfluctuant, nonpulsatile and hard in consistency. Considering the patient's age and site of the swelling, a provisional diagnosis of neurofibroma was made. Orthopantomogram (OPG) revealed thinning of coronoid process, highly marked coronoid notch and hypoplastic condyle on the right side [Figure 4]. Paranasal sinuses view showed haziness of the right maxillary sinus. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) impression was that of a large plexiform neurofibroma within the right masticatory space, extending into right orbit, infratemporal and middle cranial fossa [Figure 5]. Routine blood investigations were within normal limits.{Figure 2}{Figure 3}{Figure 4}{Figure 5}
Incisional biopsy was performed under local anesthesia. Biopsy revealed oral mucosa covered with stratified squamous epithelium and underlying dense connective tissue which was occupied by a lesion of neural origin [Figure 6]. The neural bundles were made up of spindle-shaped cells with wavy nuclei suspended in a delicate background of collagen fibers [Figure 7]. An immunohistochemical test for the S-100 protein was positive in 60% of the cells (detection system used was the HRP polymer), confirming the neural origin of the tumor [Figure 8]. The epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) showed faint positive staining for perineural cells in the nerve bundle. The histological diagnosis of plexiform neurofibroma was made, and correlating with the family history and clinical features, a final diagnosis of NF-I with pathognomonic plexiform neurofibroma was made. The patient was referred to NIMHANS for further management, considering the intracranial extension of the lesion.{Figure 6}{Figure 7}{Figure 8}
Discussion
Neurofibromatosis is not a single entity, but a group of heterogeneous multisystemic neurocutaneous disorders involving both neuroectodermal and mesenchymal derivatives. Although eight subtypes have been proposed to date, NIH consensus development conference has defined two distinct types: 1) the peripheral type (NF-I; Von Recklinghausen's disease) associated with changes in the long arm of chromosome number 17 and accounts for over 90% of cases and 2) the central type (NF-II) associated with a defect near the center of long arm of chromosome number 22, and is characterized by bilateral acoustic neuromas and accounts for the remainder. [3]
There exist two main clinical forms of neurofibroma: localized and plexiform neurofibromas. Localized neurofibroma is the most frequent one in NF-I. It develops along a peripheral nerve as a focal mass with well-defined margins. It is rarely present at birth but appears in late childhood or early adolescence. [4] The number of localized neurofibromas generally increases with age, and there is an increase in size and number of the lesions during pregnancy and puberty. [1,4]
The word "plexus" refers to a combination of interlaced parts, or a network. They are elongated fibromas coursing along the nerves and frequently involving the trigeminal nerve or upper cervical nerves. Plexiform neurofibromas often appear within the first 2 years of life or before adolescence and occur in only 5% of NF-I cases. [5] They can be quite disfiguring and hemifacial hypertrophy can occur secondary to a plexiform tumor involvement. [ 6] These tumors are known to cause symptoms ranging from minor discomfort to extreme pain, [4] and the consistency of the lesion has been compared to the "bag of worms" as soft areas are interspersed within the firm nodular areas which was not seen in our case.
Radiologically, with very few cases reported, they usually appear as a unilocular, well-defined radiolucency. [6] In our case, there were no radiological alterations related to the tumor in OPG, but there was thinning of coronoid process, highly marked coronoid notch and hypoplastic condyle on the right side. In CT scans, most neurofibromas show low attenuation, although some of them may show soft tissue density as was seen in our case.
Histopathologically, the pattern may be that of distorted masses of myxomatous peripheral nerve tissue still within the peripheral sheath, seen scattered within a collagen rich matrix. This is considered to be virtually diagnostic of NF-I, even in the absence of other manifestations. S-100 is a useful marker for schwann cells, and the lesional cells are uniformly positive signifying that they originate from neural crest derived tissue. [7] EMA-positive staining for perineural cells is always suggestive of plexiform neurofibroma. [8] EMA was faintly positive in the perineural cells in our case, which confirmed our diagnosis.
Plexiform neurofibroma needs to be monitored frequently because 5% develop into malignancy. Other complications include bleeding from trauma, neurological deficits, limited limb, and psychological disturbances because of abnormal anatomy. In each of the above, surgery might be helpful. [9]
Conclusion
Plexiform neurofibroma is diagnostic of NF-I and its occurrence in maxillofacial area is unusual and few cases have been reported in the literature. We thus present this case due to its relative rarity. It is important that oral and maxillofacial surgeons and dentists keep this disease under consideration when oral lesions characteristic of NF-I are present.
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